#MQTT #network #DoSAttack #iot

Performance Evaluation of Different Raspberry Pi Models as MQTT Servers and Clients

Authors

Trent N. Ford, Eric Gamess and Christopher Ogden, Jacksonville State University, USA

Abstract

Performance analysis for devices in Internet of Things (IoT) environments is an important consideration, especially with their increasing integration in technological solutions, worldwide. The Single Board Computers (SBCs) of the Raspberry Pi Foundation have been widely accepted by the community, and hence, they have been incorporated in numerous IoT projects. To ease their integration, it is essential to assess their network performance. In this paper, we made an empirical performance evaluation of one of the most popular network protocols for IoT environments, named the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, on Raspberry Pi. To do so, we set up two different testbeds scenarios and assessed the performance with benchmarks. At the software level, we focused on Mosquitto, a popular open-source MQTT broker implementation and client library. Our principal metric is the transmission time, but we also investigated the throughput. In our experiments, we varied several parameters, such as the size of the payload of the published messages, the WiFi bandwidth, the QoS level, the security level (MQTT vs. MQTT with TLS), and the hardware for the clients and broker. We focus mainly on packet sizes ranging from 100 to 25,000 bytes. We also investigate how these low-cost devices handle a TCP SYN flood attack. In the research work presented within this paper, we aim to guide developers, researchers, network administrators, and hobbyists who plan to use these low-cost devices in an MQTT or IoT network by showing the performance that they should expect according to different Raspberry Pi options.

Keywords

MQTT, Mosquitto, Benchmark, Performance Evaluation, Raspberry Pi, DoS Attack.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGEy6ePOSkE&list=PLpTbECDq5OWA7YEHmDZxLz6DDrmjDc7r3

LOCALIZATION SCHEMES FOR UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: SURVEY

Faiza Al-Salti¹ , N. Alzeidi² and Khaled Day²

¹Department of Computing, Muscat College, Oman

²Department of Computer Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

Abstract 

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) enable a variety of applications such as fish farming and water quality monitoring. One of the critical tasks in such networks is localization. Location information can be used in sensor networks for several purposes such as (i) data tagging in which sensed information is not useful for the application unless the location of the sensed information is known, (ii) tracking objects or (iii) multi-hop data transmission in geographic routing protocols. Since GPS does not work well underwater, several localization schemes have been developed for UWSNs. This paper surveys the state-ofthe-art of localization schemes for UWSNs. It describes the existing schemes and classifies them into different categories. Furthermore, the paper discusses some open research issues that need further investigation in this area.

Keywords 

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks, Localization, Ranging Methods, Positioning, Range-based &Range-free.                  

                                                  Full Text

SIGNALING PROTOCOLS FOR LOCAL AREA NETWORKS OF DRONES

Prabhu Jyot Singh and Rohan de Silva

School of Engineering and Technology CQ University Sydney, Australia

Abstract 

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones have become extremely popular and are used in various commercial applications. When multiple UAVs communicate and work together, they form a UAV network. A private UAV network or Local Area Network of Drones (LoDs) is a special type of UAV network which has the minimum number of UAVs to carry out a certain task. All UAVs in a LoD use the wireless medium to send and receive the data as well as the control signals. An organization or a single owner will be more interested in this type of network, where they want multiple UAVs to scan an area, communicate with each other, and send all the images and live video streams to a single ground station. The currently available commercial UAVs Can send the video signals to and receive control signals only from their own ground station controllers. However, in an LoD network where UAVs are connected in tandem, the UAVs that are in the middle of the network have to carry the control and video signals of other UAVs. Given the limited processing power and dynamic memory capacity of UAVs, this would increase the queuing delays and performance. In this paper, we study the frame formats of existing control, feedback, and data messages of commercial AR UAVs and propose a new approach to construct the payloads of control and feedback frames that are suitable for an LoDs. We compare the performance of our approach of single control and feedback frame for all UAVs in a LoD branch with that of separate control and feedback frames for each UAV. We calculate and compare the UAV node processing delay in both types of signaling mechanisms and show that the single control and feedback frame signaling has less delay on the average.

Keywords 

UAV communication, Private UAV Network, LANs of Drones, Signaling Frames, Control and feedback singling                     

                                                  Full Text

ENERGY-EFFICIENT MULTI-HOP ROUTING WITH UNEQUAL CLUSTERING APPROACH FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Younes El Assari , Samia Al Fallah, Jihane El Aasri, Mounir Arioua and Ahmed El Oualkadi

Laboratory of Information and Communication Technologies, National School of Applied Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morocco

Abstract 

The development of an energy-efficient routing protocol, capable of extending the life of the network, is one of the main constraints of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Research studies on WSN routing prove that clustering offers an effective approach to prolong the lifetime of a WSN, particularly when it is combined with multi-hop communication that can reduces energy costs by minimizing the distance between transmitter and receiver. Most clustering algorithms using multi-hop in data transmission encounter the hotspot problem. In this work, an Energy-efficient Multi-hop routing with Unequal Clustering approach (EMUC) is proposed, to create clusters of different sizes, which depend on the distance between the sensor node and the base station. Equilibrate the energy dissipation between the cluster heads is the purpose of this approach by adopting multi-hop communication to relay data to the base station. The implementation of multi-hop mode to transmit data to the base station reduces the energy cost of transmission over long distances. The effectiveness of this approach is validated through performed simulations, which prove that EMUC balances energy consumption between sensor nodes, mitigates the hotspots problem, saves more energy and significantly extends the network lifetime.

Keywords 

Energy-efficient, Hotspot issue, Routing protocols, Unequal clustering, Wireless sensor networks, Multihop communication                      

                                                  Full Text

SWARM OPTIMIZATION BASED GRAVITATIONAL SEARCH APPROACH FOR CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT IN MCMR WIRELESS MESH NETWORK

Nandini Balusu¹ , Suresh Pabboju² and Narsimha G ³

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Telangana University, Nizamabad, Telangana, India.

²Professor, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.

³Professor, Department of Computer Science, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Abstract 

Wireless Mesh Networks offers cost-efficient and higher network efficiency by utilizing multiple channels multiple radio(MCMR) nodes. Also addition, the amalgamation of multiple radio nodes and multiple hops mesh framework tends to overcome the limitation of single radio networks like the ability to achieve the rising accessible system bandwidth. In spite of these benefits, certain MCMR wireless mesh networks still suffer from performance issues like network connectivity, network throughput degradation whenever network size increases. Thus, an effective channel assignment (CA) approach could minimize the number of interference cochannels and enhance the throughput of the network. Thus, a hybridized form of gravitational search approach and particle swarm optimization is presented in this paper to resolve the issue of CA. The velocity and position updates of PSO are merged with the GSA operations to obtain the best channel with good connectivity. This approach maximizes the capability of exploration and exploitation for global and local searches using PSO and GSA operations. The goal of this methodology is the minimization of a number of interfering links and the maximization of network connectivity and throughput. The experimental results for this approach are carried out using NS2 and compared with previously suggested heuristic optimization algorithms such as Learning Automated and Genetic Algorithm Approach, Improved Gravitational Search Approach and Dynamic particle swarm optimization Approach. The simulation outcome showed a better performance of the suggested methodology compared to existing methodologies.

Keywords 

Wireless Mesh Network, Channel Assignment, Multi-Channel Multi-Radio, Particle Swarm Optimization, Gravitational Search Algorithm.                       

                                                  Full Text

6RLR-ABC: 6LOWPAN ROUTING PROTOCOL WITH LOCAL REPAIR USING BIO INSPIRED ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY

Nurul Halimatul Asmak Ismail¹ , Samer A. B. Awwad² and Rosilah Hassan³

¹Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, College of Community, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

² Independent Researcher, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

³Center for Cyber Security,Faculty of Information Science and Technology, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Abstract 

In recent years, Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) has successfully enabled the development of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). This network is equipped with lowcost, low-power, lightweight and varied functions devices. These devices are capable of amassing, storing, processing environmental information and conversing with neighbouring sensors. These requisites pose a new and interesting challenge for the development of IEEE 802.15.4 together with routing protocol. In this work, 6LoWPAN Routing Protocol with Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony (6RLRABC) has been introduced. This protocol supports connection establishment between nodes in an energyefficient manner while maintaining high packet delivery ratio and throughput and minimizing average endto-end delay. This protocol has been evaluated based on increasing generated traffic. The performance of the designed 6RLR-ABC routing protocol has been evaluated compared to 6LoWPAN Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LOAD) routing protocol. LOAD protocol has been chosen since it is the most relevant existed 6LoWPANrouting protocol. The simulation results show that the introduced 6RLR-ABC protocol achieves lower packet average end-to-end delay and lower energy consumption compared to LOAD protocol.Additionally,the packet delivery ratio of the designed protocol is much higher than LOAD protocol. The proposed 6RLR-ABC achieved about 39% higher packet delivery ratio and about 54.8% higher throughput while simultaneously offering lower average end-to-end delay and lower average energy consumption than LOAD protocol.

Keywords 

6LoWPAN, routing, local repair, 6RLR-ABC, LR-ABC mechanism;
                       

                                                  Full Text

Consensus Routing And Environmental Discrete Trust Based Secure AODV in MANETs

Radha Raman Chandan and P.K.Mishra
Department of Computer Science & DST-CIMS, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

Abstract 

The Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network model for infrastructure-less communication, and it provides numerous applications in different areas. The MANET is vulnerable to a Black-hole attack, and it affects routing functionality by dropping all the incoming packets purposefully. The Black-hole attackers pretend that it always has the best path to the destination node to mislead the source nodes. Trust is the critical factor for detecting and isolating the Black-hole attackers from the network. However, the harsh channel conditions make it difficult to differentiate the Black-hole routing activities and accurate trust measurement. Hence, incorporating the consensus-based trust evidence collection from the neighbouring nodes improves the accuracy of trust. For improving the accuracy of trust, this work suggests Consensus Routing and Environmental DIscrete Trust (CREDIT) Based Secure AODV. The CREDIT incorporates Discrete and Consensus trust information. The Discrete parameters represent the specific characteristics of the Black-hole attacks, such as routing behaviour, hop count deviation, and sequence number deviation. The direct trust accurately differentiates the Black-hole attackers using Discrete parameters, only when the nodes perform sufficient communication between the nodes. To solve such issues, the CREDIT includes the Consensus-based trust information. However, secure routing against the Black-hole attack is challenging due to incomplete preferences. The in-degree centrality and Importance degree measurement on the collected consensus-based trust from decisionmakers solve the incomplete preference issue as well as improves the accuracy of trust. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using Network Simulator-2 (NS2). From the simulation results, it is proved that the detection accuracy and throughput of the proposed CREDIT are substantially high and the proposed CREDIT scheme outperforms the existing work

Keywords 

MANETs, Black-hole attack, Security, Discrete trust, Consensus Trust, and Contextual information.
                       

                                                  Full Text